What the evidence says today

Herfindahl index over production shares, USGS 2025

1. GalliumChina 99%9,804highly
2. NiobiumBrazil 93%8,709highly
3. MagnesiumChina 88%7,736highly
4. SiliconChina 87%7,599highly
5. BismuthChina 86%7,453highly
6. RutheniumSouth Africa 85%7,270highly
7. RhodiumSouth Africa 81%6,663highly
8. IridiumSouth Africa 80%6,564highly
9. YttriumChina 80%6,547highly
10. TelluriumChina 80%6,498highly

Net import reliance, with the principal sources over 2021–24

1. GalliumCanada, Japan, China, Germany100%
2. NiobiumBrazil, Canada100%
3. YttriumChina, Germany, Austria100%
4. GraphiteChina, Canada, Mozambique, Mexico100%
5. IndiumRepublic of Korea, Japan, China, Canada100%
6. ArsenicChina, Malaysia, Morocco100%
7. StrontiumMexico, Germany, China100%
8. FluorsparMexico, Vietnam, China, South Africa100%
9. ScandiumJapan, China100%
10. TantalumChina, Australia, Germany, Indonesia100%

USGS compilation effective January 2026, by jurisdiction

• ChinaAntimony, Bismuth, Gallium, Germanium, Graphite, Indium, Lithium, Magnesium, Molybdenum, Rare earth elements, Silver, Tellurium, Tungsten13 commodities
• VenezuelaCopper, Rhodium, Silver, Tin, Niobium, Tantalum, Aluminum7 commodities
• NamibiaCobalt, Graphite, Lithium, Manganese, Rare earth elements5 commodities
• VietnamLead, Manganese, Rare earth elements, Titanium, Zinc5 commodities
• LaosCopper, Nickel, Silver, Zinc4 commodities
• IndonesiaCopper, Nickel, Aluminum3 commodities
• TanzaniaCopper, Nickel, Silver3 commodities
• MoroccoAluminum, Copper2 commodities
• RussiaTungsten, Uranium2 commodities
• Democratic Republic of the CongoCobalt1 commodity

Official gazettes, statutory circulars, and sovereign mineral decrees across corridor jurisdictions.

• USA2026-09-30· Transportation Department, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
  The Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles Rule III for Model Years 2022 to 2031 Passenger Cars and Light Trucks.
• IND2026-09-24· Ministry of Mines, Government of India
  The Gazette of India: Notification of Offshore Areas Mineral Trust Rules, 2026 and Auction Guidelines for Critical and Strategic Mineral Mining Leases under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act..
• EU2026-09-18· European Commission (DG GROW)
  Official Journal of the European Union: Commission Decision establishing the benchmark monitoring metrics and strategic project designations under Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 (Critical Raw Materials Act)..
• IDN2026-09-12· Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (ESDM), Indonesia
  Kementerian ESDM: Ministerial Decree No.
• AUS2026-09-08· Department of Industry, Science and Resources, Australia
  Australian Government DISR: Critical Minerals Production Tax Incentive (CMPTI) Rules and Ministerial Directive on Sovereign Processing Reserves for Rare Earths and Lithium..

Provenance: US filings synced daily via Federal Register API; corridor measures verified from primary sovereign gazettes upon enactment. Zero secondary news or commercial rewrites.